KAVA
KUO HEKA!…
(Fa’u ‘e
Lopeti Senituli)
“’
E TUKU ‘AFE ‘ENAU HELEFULUFULU E LAO ‘O
E FONUA ”
‘Oku ‘alu pe e ‘aho mo e toe fakamaatoato
ange e hanga ‘e hotau Pule’anga ‘o
fakafe’atungia’i e fakamaau totonu mo
fakangatangata e ngaahi tau’ataina ne foaki ‘ehe ‘Uluaki
Faa ‘aki ‘enau helefulufulu (hufanga
he fakatapu) e ngaahi lao ‘o e fonua.
Ne
fakapaasi ‘ehe Fale Alea he ‘aho
Tusite (26 ‘o ‘Akosi 2003) e fo’i
lao ke fakatonutonu e Lao ki he Lao Sivile (Civil
Law Act). Fakatatau ki he kupu 3 ‘oe Lao ni
(ki mu’a he fakatonutonu) ‘e ngofua ke “ngaue’aki ‘ehe
Fakamaau’anga ‘a e lao tupu-fakafonua ‘o ‘Ingilani
(common law), mo e ngaahi tu’utu’uni ‘o
e fai totonu (rules of equity), fakataha mo e ngaahi
lao fakapule’anga ‘oku lolotonga ngaue‘aki
fakalukufua ‘i ‘Ingilani (statutes of
general application)”, ‘i Tonga ni.
Ka
na’e hanga ‘ehe kupu 4 ‘o fakapipiki
mai e fo’i fakangatangata ‘e 2 ki hono
ngaue’aki e ngaahi pupunga lao muli ni. ‘Uluaki, ‘e
toki ngaue’aki pe ‘okapau ‘oku ‘ikai
ha lao tatau ‘a Tonga ni na’e fa’u ‘ehe
Fale Alea pe ko e Fakataha Tokoni. Ua, ‘e fakafe’unga
hono ngaue’aki ‘o fakatatau ki he tu’unga ‘o
e ‘atakai fakaloto fonua pea mo e ‘e
loto kiai e kakai e fonua.
‘Oku hanga ‘ehe fakatonutonu ne fai ‘ehe
Pule’anga o tu’usi ta’efakaongonoa
e “ngaahi lao fakapule’anga ‘oku
lolotonga ngaue’aki fakalukufua ‘i ‘Ingilani
(statutes of general application)” kae fakatotoe
mai pe ‘a e lao tupufakafonua (common law)
moe ngaahi tu’utu’uni ‘o e fai
totonu (rules of equity). ‘E ‘ikai ke
mate fakafokifa ai e pule ‘a e lao (rule of
law) ‘ihe fonua ni, ka kuo fai hono fakamonuka
lolotonga ‘ene mo’ui lelei. Ko e me’a
ia ‘oku kataki’i ngata’a.
Ka
ko e ha koaa e ‘aonga ‘o e ngaahi
pupunga lao muli ni kia kitautolu ‘i Tonga
ni?
Lao
Tupu-fakafonua
Tau
kamata pe mei he lao tupu-fakafonua ‘o ‘Ingilani
(common law). ‘I he 1993, na’e tautapa
ai ‘a Clive Edwards (kimu’a pea fakanofo ‘ehe ‘Ene ‘Afio
ki he Kapineti) ki he Fakamaau’anga Lahi ke
fai ha’ane tu’utu’uni ko iaa ko
e “tokotaha Tonga” (Tongan subject ‘o
fakatatau ki he Kupu 2(a) ‘o e Lao ki he Kakai ‘o
e Fonua (Vahe 59). Na’e fakafepaki’i ‘eni ‘ehe
Fakahinohino Lao ‘a e Pule’anga ‘aki ‘ene
pehe ko e tangata’eiki ‘a Clive ko e
tangata Pilitania pea ko e fakataumu’a ‘a
e kupu 2(a) “ki ha taha fa’ele’i ‘i
Tonga ni ka koe Tonga ‘ene Tamai”. (Any
person born in Tonga whose father is Tongan). Na’e ‘ikai
tali ‘ehe Fakamaau’anga Lahi e tautapa ‘a
Clive Edwards.
Na’e tangi leva ‘a Clive ki he Fakamaau’anga
Tangi ‘ihe 1994. Na’e fakamahino ‘ehe
kau Fakamaau Tangi (toko tolu) na’e ‘ikai
ha “Lao ki he Kakai ‘o e Fonua ‘ihe
1934 (ta’u na’e fa’ele’i
ai e matapule ni) pea tenau ngaue’aki e kupu
29 ‘o e Konisitutone ‘o Tonga ne ngaue’aki
he ta’u ko ia ke huluhulu ‘aki honau
hala. Na’e hanga ‘ehe kupu ni ‘o
fakafaikehekehe’i e “foreigner” mei
he “native-born subjects of Tonga”. Na’e
hanga leva ‘ehe kau Fakamaau ‘o to’o
mai mo e ngaahi tu’utu’uni mei he ngaahi
Fakamaau’anga talaa ‘o ‘Ingilani
mo e ngaahi tohi fakahinohino lao ‘a e kau
tangata tu’ukimu’a ‘ihe mala’e ‘o
e lao ke nau faka’uhinga’aki e kupu’i
lea koia ko e “native-born subjects of Tonga”.
Na’a nau pine’i ‘enau tu’utu’uni
ki he tu’utu’uni ‘a Lord Diplock ‘ihe
Fakamaau’anga Tangi ‘a Pilitania he 1983 ‘ihe
fo’i keisi ko e Lesa v Ateni Seniale ‘a
Nu’usila. Pea na’a nau tu’utu’uni
ai neongo ko e tangata’eiki ‘a Clive
Edwards ko e Pilitania, na’e fa’ele’i
ia ‘i Tonga ni, ‘o hange pe ko Clive,
pea ‘ihe ‘ene pehe ko e “tokotaha
Tonga” ‘a Clive Edwards. Koe fakatata
mahino ‘eni ‘o hono ngaue’aki ‘i
Tonga ni ‘a e lao tupu-fakafonua ‘o ‘Ingilani
(“common law”).
Ngaahi tu’utu’uni ‘oe
Faitotonu
Tau
hoko atu ki he ngaahi tu’utu’uni ‘o
e faitotonu (rules of equity). ‘Oku ou kole
fakamolemole heni ki he ‘Eiki Minisita Polisi
kau ngaue’aki pe mu’a ‘a e fakatata
na’a ne ngaue’aki ‘ihe tipeiti
malie ‘ihe Fale Alea he ‘aho Monite (18 ‘o ‘Akosi).
Ko e fakatata ‘eni ‘a e ‘Eiki Minisita
Polisi ‘i hono to’o mei he lekooti ‘o
e Fale Alea: “Sea, kapau ‘oku ‘iai
haku kelekele, pea ‘iai ha motu’a ‘oku
ou falala ki ai pea lahi ‘ene ‘aonga
kiate au peau pehe ke ha’u koe ‘o langa ‘ihe
konga koee teu vahe’i atu ‘a e konga
koee keke ha’u ‘o langa ai, pea ‘ai
ai hao fale pea ke nofo ai moho famili, kumi ai ha’a
mou mo’ui. ‘Osi koia ‘eku vahe
ko ia Sea, ‘osi pe ha mahina ‘e 6 kuou ‘osi
sio atu au ‘oku faka’ofo’ofa ‘a
e fale ‘oku ou fiema’u ‘e au ‘a
e fale, peau talaange ke mou hiki ki hala he ‘oku ‘ikai
ha’a mou totonu he ko hoku ‘api ee… ‘api
kolo ‘eni ia ‘o’oku ke mou hiki
ki hala, he koe’uhi ko e lao ia, kuopau kemou
fai ‘a e me’a ‘oku ou talaatu.
Talamai leva ‘ehe lao ia ko e Equity he’ikai
ke ngofua keu fai ‘e au (e me’a koia)
he na’e ‘ikai keu faitotonu, na’aku
hanga ‘o fakangofua ke nau omai peau sio ki
he’ene koloa pea ‘osi koia peau fekau
ke ‘alu kau ma’u ‘e au pe ko ‘eku
fiema’u ‘e au ke ‘oange ia ki ha
taha kehe. Ko e Equity ia Sea.” Ko e ki’i
tanaki pe teu ‘oatu, ‘oku kau ‘a
e ngaahi akonaki ‘a Sisu Kalaisi, hange ko
e Malanga he Mo’unga ‘ihe ngaahi makatu’unga ‘o
e ngaahi tu’utu’uni ki he faitotonu.
Ngaahi
lao Fakapule’anga Fakalukufua
‘Iha tohi ‘a e Palesiteni ‘o e
Tonga Law Society, Laki M. Niu ki he ‘Eiki
Sea ‘o e Fale Alea na’a ne fakahoko ai ‘enau
tautapa ke ‘oua mu’a ‘e tali e
lao fakatonutonu he ‘e “hoko ‘a
e ngaahi faingata’a lahi ‘aupito ki he
kakai mo e fonua koe’uhi ‘e ‘ikai
ke ‘iai ha lao kene tu’utu’uni
ki he ngaahi me’a ‘oku lolotonga tu’utu’uni
ki ai ‘a e ngaahi lao faka-pule’anga
fakalukufua ‘a ‘Ingilani ‘ihe taimi
ni ‘i Tonga ni”. Na’a ne faktata ‘aki
e Children’s Act mo e Guardianship of Children
Act mo e Arbitration Act, pea ne pehe ‘oku
lahi fau e ngaahi lao fakapule’anga fakalukufua ‘a ‘Ingilani ‘oku
tau lolotonga ngaue’aki ‘i Tonga ni,
he ‘oku te’eki fa’u ha’atau
ngaahi lao pehe. Ko e fakatataa ‘eni ‘o
e ngaahi lao fakapule’anga fakalukufua ‘a ‘Ingilani
(statues of general application) ‘oku tau ngaue’aki ‘i
Tonga ni.
Kupu
56 ‘o e Konisitutone
Na’e toutou fakamanatu ‘ehe ‘Eiki
Minisita Lao ki he Fale Alea ‘oku ‘ikai
ko e kapusi ‘aupito e lao fakapule’anga
fakalukufua ‘o ‘Ingilani mei Tonga ni.
Na’a ne pehe ko e ngaahi lao koia ‘o ‘Ingilani ‘oku
nau pehe ‘oku totonu ke ngaue’aki ‘i
Tonga ni, (hange ko e ngaahi lao na’e ‘ohake ‘ehe
Sosaieti Lao ‘a Tonga), kuopau ke fakahu mai
ia ke ‘uluaki fakapaasi ‘ehe Fale Alea ‘o
Tonga, pea ke fakamo’oni huafa ki ai ‘ene ‘Afio
pea kasete’i ‘o fakatatau ki he kupu
56 ‘o e Konisitutone.
Na’e fakamanatu ‘e ‘Isileli Pulu,
Fakafofonga Fika 3 e Kakai Tongatapu ki he Fale Alea
na’e tali ‘ehe Fale Alea he ta’u
kuo’osi (2002) ke ngaue’aki ‘i
Tonga ni e “Arbitration Act 1996 (UK)” ‘oka ‘iai
ha ta’efemahino’aki ‘ihe “Lao
ki he Inivesi Muli”. Na’e pehe ‘e ‘Isi
na’a ne kole ke ‘omai mu’a e “Arbitration
Act” ‘a Pilitania ke ‘uluaki fai
ha vakai kiai pea toki fakapaasi e “Lao ki
he Inivesi Muli” ka na’e talaange ‘oku
peesi ‘e taha mano pea ‘oku ‘ikai
lava hano photocopy. Ka na’a ne vivili ke ‘aonge
pea faifai ‘o ‘omai he’e kalake,
ta na’e peesi pe ‘e 57. Ka ko e me’a
na’e tokanga ki ai ‘a ‘Isi kenau ‘uluaki
fakapaasi e “Arbitration Act ‘a ‘Ingilani
fakatatau ki he kupu 56 ‘o e Konisitutone ka
na’e ‘ikai ke tokanga mai ki ai e tepile ‘a
e Pule’anga.
Ko
e tali ‘a e ‘Eiki Minisita Fefakatau’aki
kia ‘Isi na’a ne pehe “Kapau na’e
fiema’u ke fakahu mai ‘a e me’a
ko iaa ia ‘oku malava pe… na’a
mo e taimi ni ‘e malava pe ke fakahu mai koe’uhi
na’a tau ‘osi tali…”
Tupunga ‘o
e fakatonutonu ki he Lao Sivile
Na’e faka’ika’i’i mamafa ‘ehe ‘Eiki
Minisita Lao mo e ‘Eiki Minisita Polisi e tukuaki’i ‘ehe
kau Fakafofonga ‘a e Kakai ko e tupunga ‘o
e lao fakatonutonu ko ‘enau ‘ulungia
hokohoko he Fakamaau’anga. Na’e toutou
pole’i ‘ehe ‘Eiki Minisita Lao
e kau Fakafofonga ‘a e Kakai ke nau tuhu ki
ha fo’i hopo na’e ngaue’aki ai ‘ehe
Fakamaau’anga ha lao fakapule’anga ‘o
Pilitania ‘o makatu’unga ai ha ‘ulungia ‘a
e Pule’anga.
Kiate
au, na’e ‘ikai ke tupukoso hake
pe hono fatu koia ke tu’usi e lao fakapule’anga ‘o “Ingilani
mei hono ngaue’aki ‘i Tonga ni. ‘Oku
ou tui ko e konga pe ia ‘o e siate folau kuo
fatu ‘ehe Pule’anga lolotonga. Pea ‘oku
kau ai e fakafe’atungia’i e fakamaau
totonu mo hono fakangatangata e ngaahi tau’ataina
ne foaki ‘ehe ‘Uluaki Faa ma’a
kitautolu ko e kakai ‘o e fonua. Pea ‘oku
kau ‘enau ‘ulungia hokohoko he Fakamaau’anga ‘ihe
tupunga ‘o e lao fakatonutonu.
‘I he ‘uluaki holpo ko ia ‘a e
Taimi ‘o Tonga ne fakahoko ‘i Ma’asi
2003, na’e fakafekiki’i fefeka ‘ehe
Fakahinohino Lao ‘a e Pule’anga ‘a
e hanga koia ‘ehe Tu’i Fakamaau Lahi ‘o ‘oange
e ngofua (leave) ki he “Lali Media Group” pea
mo “Filo ‘Akau’ola” kena
kole ki he Fakamaau’anga Lahi kene vakai’i
faka-fakamaau’anga (apply for judicial review)
e fakataputapui koia na’e ‘uluaki tu’utu’uni ‘ehe ‘Eiki
Minisita Pa’anga.
Na’e pehe ‘ehe Fakahinohino Lao ‘a
e Pule’anga, ‘oku hanga ‘ehe Tu’utu’uni
Fakangaue fika 27 kupu 5 ‘o e Fakamaau’anga ‘a
Tonga (Supreme Court Rules of Tonga) ‘o ha’i
e nima ‘o e Tu’i Fakamaau Lahi kene toki
foaki e ngofua (leave) ko ia, ‘okapau ‘oku
ne ‘uluaki fakapapau’i ‘oku ‘iai
ha “kaunga fe’unga (sufficient interest) ‘a
Filo mo e Lali Media Group ‘ihe me’a ‘oku
fai ki ai e hopo. (Ne toki tanaki atu ‘a Kalafi
Moala lolotonga e hopo)
Ka
na’e pehe ‘ehe Tu’i Fakamaau
Lahi, neongo ‘oku mo’oni e Fakahinohino
Lao ‘a e Pule’anga, ‘oku ngofua
ki ai kene toe ngaue’aki mo e ngaahi Tu’utu’uni
Fakangaue ‘a e Fakamaau’anga ‘a ‘Ingilani
ki hono fakakaukau’i pe ‘e foaki ange
ha ngofua (leave). Na’e hanga leva ‘ehe
Tu’i Fakamaau Lahi ‘o ngaue’aki
e Tu’utu’uni fika 53 kupu 3 ‘a
e Fakamaau’anga ‘a Pilitania ‘o
fou ‘ihe Lao ki he Lao Sivile ‘a Tonga
ni kene fakatatafe ‘aki e Tu’utu’uni
fika 27 kupu 5 ‘a Tonga ni. Pea ko e ‘uhinga
ia na’e ‘ikai kene ngaue’aki e
tesi “kaunga fe’unga” (sufficient
interest) ka ne ngaue’aki e “keisi ‘oku
ala ikuna tu’unga ‘i hono ngaahi malohinga” (arguable
case on the merits).
Pea
ko e taha ia ‘o e tupu’anga ‘o
e lao fakatonutonu ki he “Lao ki he Lao Sivile” hotau
fonua. Ko e ‘ikai ke fiemalie hotau Pule’anga
ki he tu’utu’uni ‘a e Fakamaau’anga
Lahi hotau fonua pea nau helefulufulu leva ‘a
e fo’i lao koee koe‘uhi ke ‘oua ‘e
toe faka’ohovale’i kinautolu ‘ehe
Fakamaau’anga ‘ihe kaha’u. ‘Ok
nau hoko atu ‘eni ki he kupu 7 ‘o ‘etau
Konisitutone.
Kuo hoko e lao ko e kakano
Ko
e ta’u ‘eni ‘e 37 (talu mei
he 1966) ‘etau mo’ui’aki e Lao
ki he Lao Sivile. Ko e ta’u ‘eni ‘e
128 (talu mei he 1875) ‘etau laukau’aki,
manava’aki, lea’aki, mohe’aki,
fakamokomoko’aki, ma’ume’atokoni’aki
e kupu 7 ‘o ‘etau Konisitutone. Kuo hoko
e ongo lao ni ko hotau kakano. Word has become flesh!
Pea ko e ‘uhinga ia ‘oku kataki’ingata’a
ai ‘enau helefulufulu e lao ‘o e fonua
katau siosio lelei atu pe ki he ‘enau tamate
mo’ui ‘oku fai. Hange ko e malanga ‘a
Faifekau ‘Aisea Kava, ‘Iuvi! Fu’u
kakai ta’e’ofa! Kava kuo heka!….
29 ‘Akosi
2003
Nuku’alofa
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